Questions On The Nursing Process Essay - 775 Words

October 29, 2016. Preceptor: Tiffany Sheppard Location: 3 North Unity Level Objective/Core value: #9 Nursing process Definition: According to the UACCB level 4 grading tool (2016) p. 1; Nursing Process: Initiate, evaluate, and update plan of care used to guide patient care. Incorporate knowledge of population health risks and health promotion strategies. Plan and provide mental health care on the primary, secondary, and tertiary level. Plan and provide physiologic care on the primary, secondary, and tertiary level. The nursing process is â€Å"a systematic problem-solving approach toward giving individualized nursing care† (Craven, 2013. P. 174). It is made up of six phases, number one is the assessment phase. In this phase the nurse gathers information by observing and examining the patient as well as interpreting diagnostic tests and lab values (Craven, 2013. P. 175). The next phase of the nursing process is the diagnosis phase, this phase is the â€Å"clinical act of identifying problems† (Craven, 2013. P. 175). He third phase is outcome and planning phase, the purpose of this phase is to formulate realistic measureable goals that are specific to th e patient. Implementation is the fourth phase. This is where the planning is put into action, it can include delegating or coordinating interventions. The final phase is evaluation, this is where the nurse determines if her interventions were appropriate and moved the patient toward their goal (Craven, 2013. P. 176-177). My patientShow MoreRelatedEssay about Nursing Care Model: The Magnet Hospital Model843 Words   |  4 PagesThe magnet hospital model is an international design to provide optimal framework for nursing care and future research. 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According to Orlando, the deliberative nursing process has fiveRead MoreWhat Are Nursing Research?1359 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is nursing research and why is it important to nursing? Research is essential in all aspects of life. Research guides decisions on what cars will be bought, what houses will be purchased, or where children will attend school. So, why would research not be an important part of deciding what is best in regards to healthcare? Research is conducted to gather data about a particular subject. Data that is collected through research should strive to be obtained from resources that are valid, credibleRead MoreEffective Management Of Organizational Standards Of Practice Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagespatient outcomes, and leadership and change management. Information for the case study was gathered by a personal interview conducted September 1, 2016. I selected Robin Shepherd, Chief Nursing Officer, for the interview, at the facility I’m employed. 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Between 1966 and 1968, King worked as Assistant Chief of the Research Grants Branch of the Division of Nursing in Washington, DRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Nursing Concepts1213 Words   |  5 Pages Critical Analysis of Nursing Concepts Cathy Chauvin University of Victoria, BC Critical Analysis of Nursing Concepts In this paper, I am going to discuss past and present nursing concepts, and how these theories have evolved. The initial paper by J. Fawcett (1984) describes the fundamental concepts of nursing including person, environment, health and nursing, (Fawcett, 1984 p.84) The author further describes ideas that are discussed and compared by various nursing scholars and how they areRead MoreNursing Process1531 Words   |  7 PagesThe nursing process is described as being an individualised problem solving approach in which patients receive nursing care. The nursing process consists of four distinct phases, each having a discreet role in the process, theses phases of the process are: assessment, planning, intervention and evaluation. (Oxford Dictionary of Nursing 2003) It is important that the four stages of the process from assessment to evaluation are carried out sequentially because each phase follows logically fromRead MoreApplication Of An Electronic Health Record1272 Words   |  6 Pageshealthcare system that is becoming increasingly integrated with a dynamic technology explosion. Nursing leaders need to develop insight into healthcare s future and prepare the foundation for the changes that are a prerequisite to leading the nursing division in the right direction. Murphy (2011) called this leading from the future (p. 25). To embrace these changes, we need to learn how to role model the nursing strength obtained from technology. 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The managers in all departments are to give the head staff person on each shift in the nursing staffing department the required ratio of doctors and nurses that are needed for both shifts. Often time too often there

Personal Statement On Personal And Social Holiness

In my last, in process paper I discussed how my pursuit of personal and social holiness developed my calling in ministry. As I reflect on the journey of discovering my call to ministry, I cannot help but to reflect on the mountaintops and valleys the Lord I have walked. It is refreshing and convicting at the same time as I read through the texts for this module, knowing that the Holy Spirit is at work refining me more like Christ, and also affirming the choices and decisions I have made to be where I am today. As you read through this paper my hope is that one will see my personal/social victories and failures, and how God has been at work molding me like a potter. I grew up in a Christian home, or at least a partial Christian home. I say that because my mom had me in church every Sunday, but my dad really did not take part in it unless it was Christmas or Easter. I mention this, because it was in that partial Christian home, where I was first exposed to pornography. As I reflected o n the content of this module, my journey of overcoming temptations, and being forgiven for poor decisions strikes a chord as I reflect on the process of integrity, and part of that journey has been filled with the pollution of porn. Author Headley, describes Grace not so evident in its arrival, but transforming in power (Headley, 180). This description resonates with me as I found myself in sin many times, and the transforming power of grace seemed to always sneak up when I least suspected it.Show MoreRelatedThe Biblical Teaching Of Theodicy1345 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom His creation and superior to it and immanent as described in Ephesians 4:6 (NKJV), â€Å"one God and Father of all, who is above all, and through all, and in you all†. 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If the church community makes these mistakes then the believer starts to surmise that their callingRead MoreThe American Evangelical Story By Douglas Sweeney And American Apocalypse Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagesfundamentalism means throughout history, especially in our Western culture I am intrigued as to both and their very intense presence in many of our modern-day congregations. â€Å"Yet, the vast majority of evangelicals around the world today hail from Holiness, Pentecostal, and charismatic congregations†. After visiting Grace Covenant Church of Austin Texas, much of those aforementioned ‘typical’ contributions that have been emphasized in books such as The American Evangelical Story by Douglas SweeneyRead More Measure for Measure Essay: The Pontification of Isabella1134 Words   |  5 Pagescharacter when her brother describes her with the statement, she has prosperous art When she will play with reason and discourse   And well she can persuade(Shakespeare 1.2.161-163). 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It is a moral decision many women are faced with each day and heard about by most people inRead More Measure for Measure Essay: The Virtuous Vanity of Isabella1495 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished as a rare female character when her brother describes her with the statement, she has prosperous art/ when she will play with reason and discourse, and well she can persuade(Shakespeare 1.2.161-163). Women in Shakespeares day were very recognized for neither their reasoning nor their speaking capabilities. In fact, women were not expected to voice their viewpoints; women who chose to do so were deemed a threat to social order. It is, therefore, questionable whether Shakespeares audience wouldRead MoreLiterary And Social Law : What Makes A Symbol Of The Human Experience?1514 Words   |  7 Pagesthing they tend to disclose is their name. Names are important facets of who we are; names are bestowed upon us in the first moments of our time on Earth and provide us with a sense of identity. That is why when an author decides to defy literary and social law by employing the use of a nameless protagonist, they do so with the intent to make an impact. Namelessness strips the character of the idea of individuality and makes them more of the likes of a symbol of the human experience. The lack of a name

International Business Theory and Practices for Globalization

Question: Discuss about theInternational Business Theory and Practices for Globalization. Answer: Introduction International business theories and practices are related to international trade and globalization. International trade can be defined as the interchange of products and services across the global borders. It is the inflow and outflow of capital, technology, skills, knowledge, products and services beyond the international territories and borders. With the help of international trade, the consumers are able to be exposed to various markets and goods. Goods which are sold in the international market are termed as export whereas those which are purchased in the global market are termed as imports. There are various aspects of international business theory and practices. Advanced technology, industrialization, globalization, multinational companies and outsourcing are some of the attributes of theories and practices of international business and trade (Anowor Ugochukwu, 2015). Globalization refers to the international trade amongst various countries of the world. It pertains to combining the economies of the various countries together with the help of international trade, inflow and outflow of investments, information technology and outsourced manufacturing. So, in this report, various issues relating to international business theories and practices in the context of 5 international business news reports would be discussed. Additionally, their importance with the reference of the topic will also be analyzed. Issues relating to International Business Theories and Practices Globalization Globalization can be referred to the international integration of the investments, international trade, cultures and information technology. It is driven by the policies of the government which promote to open the economies of the home countries to carry on trade internationally. With the help of globalization, the companies can gain a competitive advantage through lesser operating costs. It helps in accessing new raw materials and additional markets and they can create and trade the goods globally (Verter, 2015). According to Schuknecht (2017) the public policy and technology are the main driving factors behind globalization. In order to manage globalization, there is a necessity for better policy activism rather than targeting on the importance of policies which are based on the regulations framed by the government. For the emerging economies, globalization can be helpful in enhancing the productivity of the commercial activities of the country along with an improvement in the technologies which can assist in lifting the living standards of the people. The advancement in the economies can increase the income which can help in declining the global disparity. But at the same time, globalization has made lives difficult for the low income and low skilled people in the West. Migration has added more strains on the schools and housing for the low income groups. Besides this, due to low level of education in the underdeveloped and developing countries, security issues relating to unsafe neighborhoods are arising. The low skilled people are finding it more difficult to be competitive and to cope up with the transformations which globalization has bought along with their incapability to seek the opportunities to grow in the society (Mackintosh, 2017). Globalization has also led to the decline in the fiscal rules in the European Union. It has also resulted in the global trafficking of people and use of violence in international trade and security relations. Additionally due to globalization, the rules are applied in an unfair manner. During the financial crises, the citizens have to pay taxes whereas very low or negative interest rates have been charged from the rich. Therefore the debate should be focused on the importance of rule based policy making. Laws relating to Intellectual Property Rights According to Business Standard (2018) the state council and cabinet of China issued regulations regarding the transfer of intellectual property rights to the foreign investors .It may affect the national security and the IP related transfers regarding the semi-conductor, software and agriculture. As per Kataria (2015) IP law play a crucial role in framing the policies related to industry, trade and finance for the scientific and technological development of any country. The IP regulations must be strong enough to ensure the progress of the countrys knowledge bank. Additionally, strong IP laws must be assisted by strong enforcement procedures, as without enforcement, the IP rights cannot be enjoyed. The new entrants face competition which makes difficult for them to enter the European and the US markets. These circumstances make the marketplace less available for them. Strict licensing rules, high funding and skill requirements are some of the factors affecting the admittance of the new entrants (Kyrkilis Koboti, 2015). The Indian IP policies despite of complying with the International standards provided by the TRIPS agreement are declared to be weak and inefficient pertaining to safeguarding of patents. According to the GIPC index of the US Chamber of Commerce, India has improved in the last two years in IP enforcement, but still has to make lots of efforts to develop itself. India has been on the second last position which depicts that it has performed poorly in context of the compliance with the patent requirements to the International standards. Besides this, it has also performed poorly in granting damages upon the infringement of the IP rights. The scenario of the Patent rights is very demotivating in India. The Indian Courts do not grant rulings and calculate and award damages easily. It leads to a ban in enjoyment of the IP rights fully by the IP right holders. Thus the infringement of IP rights has become a curse and is the main reasons for the underdevelopment of the Indian economy. Cultural Issues in International Business As per Kanungo (2016) the recent slowdown in the exports of India calls for the verification of the essential procedures relating to Indias foreign trade. One of the policies is the identification of the geographical indications (GI). Due to the unequal treatment in the developing countries, they are unable to exploit their potential. GI are industrial properties which originate from a particular place. The important attributes to the geographical origin are the quality, reputation etc. Thus GI helps the producers of that particular origin to distinguish their products from the other competing goods in the market thereby enabling them to build a reputation, goodwill and premium price for that product. Indian products such as Kanjeevaram Silk Sarees, Pochampally Ikat etc. have contributed to Indian exports. With the emergence of the Trade Related Aspects of the Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), the issue regarding the cross border protection of the GI has originated. According to Article 22 of the Agreement, the cross border protection of GI is provided in the context of international trade. It has included India and other developing countries. India and the other WTO members have raised the issue to seek a higher level of protection for all GIs as it is specified in the case of wines and spirits as per Article 23 of the agreement. Around 170 of the Indian products have been registered as GIs in India. It will gain the benefits of the GI only when the products are effectively marketed and protected against illegal imitation. So, there is a direct connection between the cultural diversity in India and the legal protection of the GI regarding the goods produced as a result of the cultural diversity. Supply Chain Complexities According to the opinion of Murray (2017) France has introduced new regulations requiring the French companies to report regarding their elimination of the violations from the global supply chains and also to apply the plans regarding their prevention in the future. As per the Devoir de Vigilance or the Duty of Care law, the sufferers can demand for the compensation of the losses for negligence of duty . Earlier it was easier for the companies to neglect their duty to follow the regulations regarding the violations of the global supply chains. But on the other hand, when the regulations are stricter about running the supply chains free from child labor, slavery, corruption and other unethical issues, it is difficult to verify whether the companies operating in the various parts of the world are practicing ethical norms. For example, in the electronics sector, the parts of the products are obtained from producers from various parts of the world (Ge et al., 2016). In the sea food industry, which has got the maximum chances of slavery, the tracing of the origin of the products is difficult when the supply chains comprise of commercial activities of the fishmeal producers and fishing fleets to packing and processing industries. In the garment industry, which faces a challenge to trace every contractor and sub-contractor in the supply chain, it becomes difficult to trace the violators of the law. Even the third party audits to verify whether a company is violating norms regarding the global supply chain have limited effects (Seyda, 2013). As per Mitchell Garrett (2017) ethical challenges are faced by the automobile and technology sectors as they attempt to deliver greener and long lasting goods to their customers. Due to the electronic vehicle boom, the demand for the battery metals like cobalt and lithium has increased. This has led to the increase in the issues such as child labor and pollution in countries such as Democratic Republic of Congo. However, to improve the situation the European Union will impose new regulations on the import of ethical raw materials in 2021. The emergence of the new technologies have made the task of sourcing raw materials easier along with the block chain technology which is a natural technique to deliver the ethical sourcing of raw materials. Worldwide Environmental Issues According to Financial Express (2018) India is the fourth worst country in reduction of the environmental pollution .As per the latest global Environmental Performance Index (EPI) India is at the 177th position out of 180 countries in curbing the environmental pollution. The countries were ranked on the basis of 24 performance indicators across 10 categories consisting environmental health and eco system vitality. The population pressure and the rapid economic development are the reasons behind the environmental pollution. The low scores on the EPI are indicators that the sustainability efforts on the national level such as cleaning of the air , reduction in the emission of the greenhouse gases(GHG) and the protection of the biodiversity (Nunez Atkins,2016). As per Financial Express(2018) according to a new survey, the risk related to the environment, economy an d international relations will deepen in the year 2018.The biggest risks would be the weapons of mass destruction, climate change , water and food crisis, changes in the weather, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem and spread of infectious disease. The breakdown of the global systems should be taken seriously and the institutions, societies and environment should not be allowed to weaken (Charles, 2016). As per Business Standard (2018) the UK chocolate industry emits 2.1 million tons of greenhouse gases per year. Also, 1000 liters of water is used to produce one chocolate bar. The raw materials which are used to produce chocolates and packaging are the major causes of environmental pollution. Also, the dairy cows produce the greenhouse gas emissions per liter of milk produced by them. So, the chocolate industry has to take suitable measures to produce ecofriendly products. Conclusion Thus, to conclude, it can be said that the issues confronted by the international business have to be resolved for a sustainable tomorrow. The international business environment has transformed a lot in the last decades. With the development of the international business environment, there has been an increase in the problem and issues faced by the business operating across borders. They include globalization, laws pertaining to intellectual property rights, cultural issues, supply chain complexities and environmental issues on the international level. Due to globalization, the low skilled and low income group has suffered to a greater extent. Particularly in the underdeveloped and developing economies, the gap between the poor and the rich has increased. Due to the infringement of the laws of the Intellectual Property Rights, the owners have not been able to enjoy the IP rights. Also, the cultural issues, supply chain complexities and the environmental issues should be resolved in order to promote free and fair trade in the global market place. References Anowor, O.F. Ugochukwu, A.H. (2015). Foreign Trade and Nigerian Economy. Developing Country Studies. 5(6), 77-82. Business Standard (2018) .China issues guidelines on transfer of IP rights to foreign investors. Retrieved April 6th, 2018 from https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/china-issues-guidelines-on-transfer-of-ip-rights-to-foreign-investors-118032900527_1.html Business Standard (2018) .Chocolate production may be harming environment: study. Retrieved April 6th, 2018 from https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/chocolate-production-may-be-harming-environment-study-118040200177_1.html Charles, R. (2016). Global Environment: Issues, Challenges and Concerns. Syrawood Publishing House. Financial Express (2018) .India among 5 worst nations in curbing environmental pollution. Retrieved April 6th, 2018 from https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/india-among-5-worst-nations-in-curbing-environmental-pollution/1028114/ Financial Express (2018) .World to be riskier place in 2018: WEF Survey. Retrieved April 6th, 2018 from https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/world-to-be-riskier-place-in-2018-wef-survey/1018942/ Ge , H., Nolan , J. , Gray , R. , Goetz , S. Han, Y. (2016). Supply chain complexity and risk mitigation A hybrid optimizationsimulation model. International Journal of Production Economics, 179(2016), 228-238. Kanungo, A.K. (2016). Geographical Indications have the potential to be Indias growth engine. Financial Express. Retrieved April 6th, 2018 from https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/geographical-indications-have-the-potential-to-be-indias-growth-engine/234813/ Kataria, A. (2015) .Is weak IP law enforcement in India a deterrent to Indian industry and innovators? Economic Times . Retrieved April 6th, 2018 from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/legal/is-weak-ip-law-enforcement-in-india-a-deterrent-to-indian-industry-and-innovators/articleshow/47862231.cms Kyrkilis, D. Koboti, S.(2015). Intellectual Property Rights as a determinant of Foreign Direct Investment entry mode: the case of Greece . Procedia Economics and Finance ,19(2015), 3-16. Mackintosh, J. (2017). Globalization, Gold and the Return of History. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 6th, 2018 from https://www.wsj.com/articles/globalization-gold-and-the-return-of-history-1495722455 Mitchell , H. Garrett,N.(2017) . Ethical supply chains can improve efficiency. Financial Times. Retrieved April 6th, 2018 from https://www.ft.com/content/9959b438-d36d-11e7-a303-9060cb1e5f44 Murray, S. (2017). Tighter standards of conduct for supply chains. Financial Times . Retrieved April 6th, 2018 from https://www.ft.com/content/d4b05aae-af83-11e7-8076-0a4bdda92ca2 Nunez , G.S. Atkins, E.(2016). Environment, Climate Change and International Relations. England: E-International Relations Publishing. Schuknecht, L. (2017). New Rules to Make Globalization Work. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 6th, 2018 from https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-rules-to-make-globalization-work-1491335443 Seyda, S.A. (2013). A review of supply chain complexity drivers. Computers Industrial Engineering,66(3), 533-540. Verter , N.( 2015). The Application of International Trade Theories to Agriculture. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(6 S4),209-2019.

Speech By Neville Chamberlain Essays - Neville Chamberlain

Speech By Neville Chamberlain British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain gave this speech to the House of Commons on September 1, 1939, just hours after Hitler's troops had invaded Poland. Chamberlain and others had spent years negotiating with Hitler in order to prevent another war in Europe, two decades after the Great War in which an entire generation of young men had been wiped out. Negotiations with Hitler had included surrendering the sovereign rights of Czechoslovakia and standing by as Hitler's troops took Austria. By 1939, Hitler desired war and any further attempts to negotiate peace were doomed to failure. The Nazis then staged a fake attack on a German radio outpost along the German-Polish border and used that as an excuse for invasion. I do not propose to say many words tonight. The time has come when action rather than speech is required. Eighteen months ago in this House I prayed that the responsibility might not fall upon me to ask this country to accept the awful arbitrament of war. I fear that I may not be able to avoid that responsibility. But, at any rate, I cannot wish for conditions in which such a burden should fall upon me in which I should feel clearer than I do today as to where my duty lies. No man can say that the Government could have done more to try to keep open the way for an honorable and equitable settlement of the dispute between Germany and Poland. Nor have we neglected any means of making it crystal clear to the German Government that if they insisted on using force again in the manner in which they had used it in the past we were resolved to oppose them by force. Now that all the relevant documents are being made public we shall stand at the bar of history knowing that the responsibility for this terrible catastrophe lies on the shoulders of one man, the German Chancellor, who has not hesitated to plunge the world into misery in order to serve his own senseless ambitions... Only last night the Polish Ambassador did see the German Foreign Secretary, Herr von Ribbentrop. Once again he expressed to him what, indeed, the Polish Government had already said publicly, that they were willing to negotiate with Germany about their disputes on an equal basis. What was the reply of the German Government? The reply was that without another word the German troops crossed the Polish frontier this morning at dawn and are since reported to be bombing open towns. In these circumstances there is only one course open to us. His Majesty's Ambassador in Berlin and the French Ambassador have been instructed to hand to the German Government the following document: Early this morning the German Chancellor issued a proclamation to the German Army which indicated that he was about to attack Poland. Information which has reached His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom and the French Government indicates that attacks upon Polish towns are proceeding. In these circumstances it appears to the Governments of the United Kingdom and France that by their action the German Government have created conditions, namely, an aggressive act of force against Poland threatening the independence of Poland, which call for the implementation by the Government of the United Kingdom and France of the undertaking to Poland to come to her assistance. I am accordingly to inform your Excellency that unless the German Government are prepared to give His Majesty's Government satisfactory assurances that the German Government have suspended all aggressive action against Poland and are prepared promptly to withdraw their forces from Polish territory, His Majesty's Gover nment in the United Kingdom will without hesitation fulfill their obligations to Poland. If a reply to this last warning is unfavorable, and I do not suggest that it is likely to be otherwise, His Majesty's Ambassador is instructed to ask for his passports. In that case we are ready. Yesterday, we took further steps towards the completion of our defensive preparation. This morning we ordered complete mobilization of the whole of the Royal Navy, Army and Royal Air Force. We have also taken a number of other measures, both at home and abroad, which the

Avoiding Prompt Dependency

Avoiding Prompt Dependency A serious problem for special educators can be to create prompt dependence. In the effort to teach new skills we can create new barriers to success and independence by creating prompt dependence, where a student is unable to work without the application of prompting. The Continuum of Prompting Prompting lies on a continuum from Most to Least, or Least to Most. Most prompts are those which are the most invasive, the full physical prompt. From a full physical prompt, prompting progresses to partial physical prompts (tapping an elbow) and then through verbal prompting and gestural prompting. Professionals make decisions about how best to employ prompting, usually judging the ability of the student. Some students, who are able to imitate, should probably be taught a new activity by modeling with a minimum of prompting. Prompts are intended to be faded, or removed, so that the child can perform the new skill independently. Thats why verbal is in the middle of the continuum, since they can often be harder to fade than gestural prompts. In fact, all too often prompt dependence begins with constant verbal directions teachers give children. The opposite problem can happen as well, as children get tired of constant verbal nagging from significant adults. Plan Your Prompting If students have receptive language and have a history of responding to verbal directions, you will want to plan a least to most prompting protocol. You want to teach or model the activity, give the spoken directive, and then attempt a gestural prompt, such as pointing. If that does not elicit the response/behavior that you wanted, you would progress to the next level, which would be gestural and verbal, Pick up the ball (while pointing to the ball.) At the same time, your teaching may be part of a forward or backward chain, depending on the skill and the skill level of your student. Whether you forward chain ​or backward chain will depend as well on whether you anticipate that your student will succeed best at the first or last step. If you are teaching a child to make pancakes in an electric skillet, you may want to backward chain, and make removing the pancake from the pan the first step you teach, since the reinforcement (eating the pancake) is close at hand. In the same way, planning your task analysis and chaining strategy to guarantee success is a great way to avoid prompt dependency. Children with poor or not receptive language, who dont respond, will need to be prompted most to least starting with full physical prompting, such as hand over hand prompting. There is greater danger of creating prompt dependency when you start at this level. It would probably be good to vary activities, so the student does tasks he or she has mastered interspersed with activities that they are learning. In this way, they are completing unprompted activities while at the same time working on new skills. Fading Fading is planned withdrawal of prompting in order to avoid prompt dependency. Once you have seen the child provide a decent approximation of the behavior or activity you want, you should start withdrawing the prompt . . . perhaps moving to a partial physical prompt (touching the childs hand, rather than a full physical, hand over hand prompt) or to a verbal prompt, paired with re-modeling the activity. Quickly pulling back from the most invasive prompting as quickly as possible is probably one of the most important strategies in avoiding prompt dependency. It means accepting an approximation and moving on, rather than spending too much tie on a single repeated activity. The key, then, is to: Plan your prompting.Mix mastered skills with new skills,Accept approximations of the behavior and start withdrawing prompting andFade as soon as you can.

A Guide to LaTeX Document Classes

A Guide to LaTeX Document Classes A Guide to LaTeX Document Classes LaTeX is a powerful editing tool for preparing documents in the sciences, computing, and engineering. You can use it to create a variety of document types, from short letters to entire books. But to make sure your work turns out as intended, you’ll need to understand LaTeX document classes. Setting a Document Type All LaTeX documents must include the \documentclass markup tag. This controls the overall layout of the document, with different classes offering different default settings. The \documentclass markup always appears at the beginning of the document and allows you to pick the overall document type. For instance, we could set a document up as follows: The \documentclass markup tag. This would produce a document formatted as an article (essentially, this covers any short document without chapter breaks). We will run through some common document classes below. LaTeX Document Classes There are actually dozens of LaTeX document classes from which to choose. But most of these are specific to particular journals or universities, so you won’t need to use them. However, it is useful to know some widely used classes. These include: Document Class Standard Usage article Used for journal articles, short reports, and any other short documents that do not require a cover page and that are not divided into chapters. beamer A popular document class for presentations. Uses a landscape page format and uses slides (or â€Å"frames†) rather than standard pages. book Used for typesetting books. The book class allows you to use the \frontmatter, \mainmatter and \backmatter commands, which control section and page numbering. IEEEtran For articles published in an IEEE journal format. letter Used to create a formal letter. memoir A version of the book class with additional typesetting options. proc Used for typing up the proceedings of a conference or event. report Ideal for longer articles or shorter books where chapter divides are necessary but where the full book formatting is not required. slides Used to create slides for a presentation. Simpler to use than the beamer class, but with fewer customization options for complicated presentations. Most of these classes also offer a range of options so you can change the general layout and font size. However, if you pick the right class for your document, the default settings will usually suffice.

The impact of Directive on UK Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The impact of Directive on UK Law - Essay Example Van Duyn made it clear that this was also true of Directives. If Directives are binding then it is possible that they will be relied upon in national courts, but clearly each case will turn on its own facts. Therefore since Z works for a Council this can be construed as an emanation of the State (specifically Case 103/99 Costanzo [1989] ECR 1839) and it is submitted that prima facie he is able to rely on the government’s non implementation directly in a UK court or tribunal provided the Directive is unconditional and sufficiently precise. However this is not true for D. His employer is a private company and as seen in the following case, the Court of Justice does not allow the direct horizontal enforcement of Directives. In Case 152/84 Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] ECR 723 [1986] 1 CMLR 688 Helen Marshall sought to sue a health authority for retirement age discrimination under the Equal Treatment Directive 1976. Her employer dismissed her at 60 in line with her contract. National law exempted retirement matters from its scope -- it did not impose retirement age at 60 - - only that women became eligible for pension at 60. The Court of Justice held that there was no ‘horizontal effect’ to a Directive where a government had failed to implement a Directive. Helen Marshall could not sue the Health Authority in these circumstances. If the employer is not the State or an emanation of the State then the Court of Justice allows the national court to look at indirect effect.

Multinational Financial Management Speech or Presentation

Multinational Financial Management - Speech or Presentation Example The mezzanine loan will be enacted in order to achieve our expansion goals, in the amounts and for the reasons prescribed below. The asset-backed commercial paper will also be utilized in this plotted expansion effort, as prescribed below as well. With that, we need to discuss our corporate instruments of financial expansion and the elements that those financial instruments will incorporate.  Within the approaches chosen for fiscal expansion, we need to develop a one, three and five-year financial approach, with a ten-year revamping contingency, if still in operation strongly, toward our goal in expanding in order to become a multi-billion dollar, multinational organization. Right now, we are going to focus on the three to a five-year tier of our planned goals.  As the appointed treasurer of World Access Healthcare, Inc., the timing of this report and expansion is critical. Thus, let's begin to outline, chart and discuss potential financial avenues, in detail, as well as the outl ine or highlight their benefits in regard to expansion.  First, let's get familiar with the terminology at hand. An asset-backed commercial paper has a similar premise as a promissory note-a note in which a person (or business entity) gets promised payment by a company or corporate body in lieu of actual cash or currency payment during a rocky receivable period or a cash-poor time. However, an asset-backed commercial paper is strengthened more than that of a promissory note because it actually contains some actual capital or segues to that capital in some manner, such as through a receivables guarantee, or a cash asset assessment. In a receivables-backed, asset-backed commercial paper, your business basically states that it has in its the function, a proven receivable track record of meeting the note of asset-backed commercial paper, through receivables. This does two things. One, it allows the commercial note or paper to be stronger than just a financial paper contract. Also, it allows two key components of a contract to form which are an offer, backed by a consideration (a form of money). Two, it allows a company or financial institution to have more than a companies corporate reputation and past record of its receivables as a base in which they operate, further securing the asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP). Basically, this note, as described in detail and (Fritz, et al, Sept. 29, 2005, Reprinted from Ratings Direct) is credit extended with an asset back up feature in the form of a note. As aptly stated (Fritz, et al 2005), "ABCP conduits are typically established and administered by major commercial banks to provide flexible and competitive low-cost financing to their customers. " Utilizing the features of an asset-backed commercial paper, the venue that is needed for this transaction is a single seller conduit, which is,  "A single-seller ABCP conduit is a limited-purpose, bankruptcy-remote entity that issues CP as a way to finance the assets of a single originator. Such conduits are most suitable for asset originators with large pools."

The Ship that Never Reaches Shore Essay Example for Free

The Ship that Never Reaches Shore Essay â€Å"Ships at a distance have every man’s wish on board. For some they come in with the tide. For others they sail forever on the horizon, never out of sight, never landing until the Watcher turns his eyes away in resignation, his dreams mocked to death by Time† (Hurston). Men long for things they do not have. Some men get what they long for. Other men never get what they long for. What they dream of having is clear to them, but never attainable. They know that their dreams are unattainable, but still watch the ships that never reach the shore. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream is unattainable due to Gatsby’s lack of morality. Additionally, in John Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, the American Dream is unattainable due to Lennie and Georges’ lack of faith. Furthermore, in the movi, A Raisin in the Sun, the American Dream is unattainable due to the families lack of financial security. Lastly, in Arthur Miller’s play, Death of a Salesman, the American Dream is unattainable due to Willy’s lack of follow through. Overall, these American literature authors show their readers that the American Dream is not attainable to all people. In the first place, in Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream is unattainable due to Gatsby’s lack of morality. Gatsby achieves his wealth through criminal activity, which he does to gain wealth for Daisy. Additionally, Gatsby tried to steal Tom’s wife, Daisy, away from him. Not only did Gatsby fail to get the woman of his dreams, but Tom blamed the killing of Wilson’s wife on Gatsby, which resulted in Gatsby’s death. Lastly, he is prepared to take the blame for Daisy driving the car and killing Myrtle. â€Å"Of course I’ll say I was driving† (Fitzgerald 143), he says. This can be seen as a heroic action, but he shows his dishonestly in a legal situation. The love and protection he had over Daisy cost him his life, and the end to pursuing his American Dream. At the end, his dedication to the achievement of wealth which he pursued throughout his life failed because he denied his true roots and his true self. In addition, in Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, the American Dream is not attainable due to Lennie and Georges’ lack of faith. The ranch is full of men who had abandoned their dreams, and spent their pay on temporary pleasure. For example, George blows all the money they had been saving for their ranch to stay all night in cat houses. He lost faith in his dreams right when things slowly started to take a downfall, and as the other men, he turned to temporary pleasure. In addition, Lennie had lost faith in himself when he says, â€Å"Now I won’t get to tend the rabbits† (Steinbeck 85). Lennie thought George was going to be disappointed in him after he found out that he had killed Curley’s wife and the pup. Lennie made a run for it because he lost control, and was disappointed in himself, and was afraid of George’s reaction. Lastly, George had his doubts about getting his own ranch; he knew from the beginning he was not going to achieve it because of Lennie’s illness, and that he had always known in the back of his head that Curley’s wife was going to cause trouble with Lennie, and mess things up. Furthermore, in the movie, A Raisin in the Sun, the American Dream is not attainable due to the family’s lack of financial security. Walter received the money he wanted for his liquor business from his mother; he then gave the money to his â€Å"business partners† to help him get his liquor license and without realizing it, and they had betrayed him. His dream was then deferred. In addition, Ruth’s dream was unattainable because she wanted to be wealthy and have a fine family. When Walter lost the money, she also lost her dream. Lastly, Beneatha’s dream of becoming a doctor was crushed when she found out Walter did not put any money in the bank for her medical school. â€Å"All the talk about dreams and sunlight that goes on in this house, its all dead now (Raisin), Beneatha said when she gave up hope in her dream of becoming a doctor. Lastly, in Miller’s play, Death of a Salesman, the American Dream is not attainable due to Willy’s lack of follow through. â€Å"You can’t raise a carrot in the backyard† (Miller 17), says Willy. His spacious dream house becomes surrounded with new apartments being built around it. The hope of his dream house fades away and the hopes it once stood for. In addition, Willy spent his whole life trying to convince himself and the people around him that he was popular and successful, but when he had died, he didn’t not achieve his illusions because no one showed up to his funeral. Lastly, Willy hopes for a family who has the ability to obtain wealth. He then takes his own life because he believes that his family will be financially secure if he was dead. He hopes for twenty thousand dollars from the insurance policy, but his son Biff does not receive the money because suicide was not covered in the policy. Willy’s lack of follow through had a huge impact on his dreams. In conclusion, these American literature authors show their readers that the American Dream is not attainable to all people. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream is unattainable due to Gatsby’s lack of morality. Additionally, in John Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, the American Dream is unattainable due to Lennie and Georges’ lack of faith. Furthermore, the movie, A Raisin in the Sun, the American Dream is unattainable due to the family’s lack of financial security. Lastly, in Arthur Miller’s play, Death of a Salesman, the American Dream is unattainable due to Willy’s lack of follow through. Society is the blame for people who strive for dreams that are unattainable. From the times we were children, society told us that we can do anything if we set our minds to it but, it is unrealistic and it results to disappointments in those who were told to dream. Works Cited A Raisin in the Sun. Dir. Kenny Leon. Perf. Sean Combs, Sanaa Lathan, Audra McDonald, Phylicia Rashad. Sony Pictures, 2008. DVD. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York; Scribner, 1925. Print. Hurston, Zora. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Trans. ArrayPublishers in 2006. 10 East 53rd Street, New York, Print. Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. Lit Charts. N. p.. Web. 4 Jun 2013. Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York; Penguin Group, 1937.

Experimentation in Music Essay -- Musicians Songs Art Essays

Experimentation in Music For thousands of years, music has been a part of people’s lives and has evolved through many different forms over time. Music is the art of arranging sounds in time so as to produce a continuous, unified, and evocative composition, as through melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre (American Heritage). One important component of analyzing music is whether it has musical value. In other words, music does not have to be organized sound or produced by instruments. This is what composers and artists of experimental music discover. Experimental music is an art form, makes use of instruments or other items that can produce sound, and can alter or expand the basic foundations of music and musicality. These are the key elements that define experimental music. The genre that is experimental music essentially consists of music and sound that is different than any conventional music written before it. Though nearly all new types of music begin with experimentation of some kind, experimental music has become a specific category of its own in music. In this type of music, sounds and music are redefined and organized in a new way. There is sometimes a visual aspect to experimental music as well. The audience and performance are vital parts of the musical experience to these composers. Methods of sound production, time, and notation are also important aspects of experimental music. These are some of the essential qualities of this type of music as many musical ideas and theories are changed and altered. Experimental music is an art form. Because music is an art form, it can be open to interpretation and creativity. Composers write the music that they want to write because of the way they perceive mus... ...and changes or alters the concepts and perceptions of music. This genre seeks to experiment with sounds in a completely different way than conventional music does. Everything from the audience to musical notation is reconsidered and presented in a new, original manner. It is an important part of the perception and development of music. As musical concepts and technology change, experimental music will continue to modify and broaden the definition of music. Works Cited â€Å"Music.† American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Fourth ed. 2000. Davies, John Booth. The Psychology of Music. Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press, 1978. Ewen, David. Composers of Tomorrow’s Music. Cornwall , NY : The Cornwall Press, Inc., 1971. Nyman, Michael. Experimental Music: Cage and beyond. Hampshire , Great Britain : BAS Printers Limited, 1974. Experimentation in Music Essay -- Musicians Songs Art Essays Experimentation in Music For thousands of years, music has been a part of people’s lives and has evolved through many different forms over time. Music is the art of arranging sounds in time so as to produce a continuous, unified, and evocative composition, as through melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre (American Heritage). One important component of analyzing music is whether it has musical value. In other words, music does not have to be organized sound or produced by instruments. This is what composers and artists of experimental music discover. Experimental music is an art form, makes use of instruments or other items that can produce sound, and can alter or expand the basic foundations of music and musicality. These are the key elements that define experimental music. The genre that is experimental music essentially consists of music and sound that is different than any conventional music written before it. Though nearly all new types of music begin with experimentation of some kind, experimental music has become a specific category of its own in music. In this type of music, sounds and music are redefined and organized in a new way. There is sometimes a visual aspect to experimental music as well. The audience and performance are vital parts of the musical experience to these composers. Methods of sound production, time, and notation are also important aspects of experimental music. These are some of the essential qualities of this type of music as many musical ideas and theories are changed and altered. Experimental music is an art form. Because music is an art form, it can be open to interpretation and creativity. Composers write the music that they want to write because of the way they perceive mus... ...and changes or alters the concepts and perceptions of music. This genre seeks to experiment with sounds in a completely different way than conventional music does. Everything from the audience to musical notation is reconsidered and presented in a new, original manner. It is an important part of the perception and development of music. As musical concepts and technology change, experimental music will continue to modify and broaden the definition of music. Works Cited â€Å"Music.† American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Fourth ed. 2000. Davies, John Booth. The Psychology of Music. Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press, 1978. Ewen, David. Composers of Tomorrow’s Music. Cornwall , NY : The Cornwall Press, Inc., 1971. Nyman, Michael. Experimental Music: Cage and beyond. Hampshire , Great Britain : BAS Printers Limited, 1974.

Biological Macromolecules

The vast complexity of a single organism, including humans, is attributed to the intricacies found within their bio molecular contents. These contents are the very small, specific pieces that make up everything from the walls of our cells, the shape of the proteins that form functional structures of the cells, or even the basic units that contain the energy required to fuel life. The knowledge of these biomolecules can be used to analyze food contents to allow scientists to manipulate or identify the healthiest foods, to discover new molecules that can be compounded in life saving medications, or to identify disorders in our own molecules that can be corrected. These are among some of the uses knowledge of these bio molecules could provide us. In this experiment, we are going to analyze the content of two different types of substances, a banana and some curry, to identify whether or not they contain starches, sugars, or proteins. This experiment is a very basic test of biomolecular content where identifying agents are mixed with the substances to determine their content. Our hypothesis is that the banana will contain both sugars and starches, but will not contain protein. This hypothesis is supported by the fruit’s sweet taste and starch-like structure, possibly similar to a potato, which, based on prior knowledge, is known to be a ‘starchy-food’. Our hypothesis for curry is less precise. The curry was an original recipe and the ingredients were unknown. Based, however, on the taste and texture alone, in comparison with other known starchy foods, we would hypothesize that it does contain starch. Protein and sugar content, however, are unknown. Specifically, we predict that when added to a banana mixture, the starch and sugar identifiers will react, and when added to a curry mixture, starch identifier will react, but the two other identifiers will be unknown. Specifics of this prediction will be discussed in the next section. Methods –  To perform this study, we first mixed controls based on known substances in order to provide a baseline comparison against our experimental data. We had three identifier solutions known to react in some way to a corresponding biomolecule, and they were pippetted following strict guidelines (see below under â€Å"Pipetting Methods. †) These identifiers were biuret, iodine, and DNSA. We tested these identifiers with solutions known to exclusively contain protein, sugar, and starch, as well as mixing them with pure water to identify what ‘no reaction’ would look like. The test of controls and indicators shows that biuret identifies protein, iodine identifies starches, and DNSA identifies sugar. There are some complications, however, in that DNSA also reacted (however not as strong) with proteins. This means that in substances that biuret indicates protein content, DNSA will show a reaction, regardless of whether or not there is sugar in the solution. The sugar reaction is much greater than protein, but this could still possibly give inconclusive results in anything that contains proteins. Proteins also interact with iodine however at a much different, distinguishable way so as to be less likely to influence our qualitative results. Once our controls were created and the reactions between the biomolecules and their indicators were better understood, the next part of our method involved preparing our experimental. To do this we created three tubes of each experimental substance. We diluted banana mush with water and placed it in three tubes, and diluted the curry and did the same. We then placed in the tube the appropriate amount of indicator solution, observed the results, and compared them with our controls.

Racial Injustice In To Kill A Mockingbird Essay

To Kill a Mockingbird, by Nelle Harper Lee, was written in 1960. During the 1960’s great movements towards equality and integration were taking place, there was great social injustice towards African-Americans. This was Lee’s entire plot of the book he wanted to show how even when all evidence proofed a black man innocent when his word is faced the that of a white person or person of the privileged society, he will be found guilty. In To Kill a Mockingbird Lee wrote about a black man named Tom Robinson, who has been accused of raping a very poor white girl named Mayella Ewell, when in all actuality he did nothing but help her out. She made sexual advances towards him, and as he rejected Mayella’s father walked in and became outraged and began to beat her, scared half to death Tom ran, and later was wrongly accused, then convicted. This makes me ask, Can justice ever be colorblind? Being colorblind is not recognizing racial or class distinctions, this is an important part of finding true justice. Justice is the upholding of what is just, especially fair treatment and due reward in accordance with honor, standards, or law. People cannot be treated fairly when they are being judged by a bias society, especially when the bias is against them. People often relate with people with similar backgrounds, to the jury the Ewells had the most similar so it was only natural that they would be looked at as being truthful. ‘First of all,’ he said, ‘If you can learn a simple trick, Scout, you’ll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view-‘ ‘Sir?’ ‘-until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.'† Page 30. There Atticus was telling Scout the importance of being well rounded and learning about everyone, basically walking in there shows before you can fairly judge them. I don’t think Atticus could have put it any better, if people would just take the initiative to see things in the eyes of others before judging them it would make the judicial process a lot more fair. Although as a collective group of human beings, blacks and whites are more similar than different. We all have to look at the differences we have, that are placed on us by society and try to draw parallels. Once we find a parallel with these different groups we begin to stop looking at them as being a certain color and begin to look at them as being our equals or neighbors. When you really don’t know a group of people and all you do is hear stories about them, you allow that to shape your image of them. Such as Scout did with Boo, she had never seen him she was only told stories about and she still was terrified of him. â€Å"‘Thank who?’ I asked. ‘Boo Radly. You were so busy looking at the fire you didn’t know it when he put the blanket around you.’ My stomach turned to water and I nearly threw up when Jem held out the blanket and crept toward me. ‘He sneaked out of the house-turn ’round-sneaked up, an’ went like this!'† Page 72. She didn’t even know Boo all she did was heard stories, as a human she allowed the stories to shape a visual image for her. She saw Boo as a scary and inhuman, only because she didn’t know him, just like the people who held Tom on trail didn’t know him all they knew is stories about him and other black people so when they saw him on trail they saw him as another â€Å"ËÅ"Boo’. And, they judged him on the stories they hears about blacks not the validity of his suit. â€Å"Mr. Ewell wrote on the back of the envelope and looked up complacently to see Judge Taylor looking at him as if he were some fragrant gardenia in full bloom on the witness stand , to see Mr. Gilmer half-sitting, half standing at his table. The jury was watching him, one man leaning over with his hands over the railing. ‘What’s so intrestin’?’ he asked. ‘You’re left handed Mr. Ewell,’ said Judge Taylor.† Page 177. Mr. Ewell was a white man, he was also proven to be left handed in the heated court trail, this didn’t make any sense at first until it was proven that Mayella was beating by a left handed man, and Tom couldn’t use his left hand. Yet they did manage to find him guilty simply because they couldn’t relate to him because he was a black man he was the â€Å"ËÅ"Boo’. In the movie A Time To Kill, justice also isn’t blind. In the movie Samuel L.  Jackson’s daughter was raped by two white men, knowing that the men would get off if taken to trail Samuel took justice into his own hands and killed the both of them. If he hadn’t of killed the two man most likely they would have gotten off free, because they were in the deep south and blacks were looked at as less than human. If it hadn’t of been for his lawyer he might have gotten the chair, but his lawyer made sure everyone saw his murders as being an act of justice. All the jurors were made to think like a father who’s pride and joy had been raped, and once they did this they did begin to see him as a person. That doesn’t mean that the justice was blind to his color because had it been a white girl in the first place none of this would had happened, justice would have prevailed the first time, and he wouldn’t of had to take matters into his own hands. In both the movie and the novel the truth was there to be seen my the judging party, the parities just had to look past the color boundaries and accept it for the justice to be found. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird the truth wasn’t found in time, however in the movie A Time To Kill justice was eventually found only after the loss of lives though. The death of the truly guilty party lead to the truth in both cases though. Recently in Cincinnati we have being going through a lot of civil unrest, and we have really been concentrating on color. Our judicial system has really had to look at race and racial profiling, because Cincinnatians are really tired of the justice system not being blind to race or class. With cases such as the Timothy Thomas case Cincinnatians have began to seek awnsers, and one sure fire awnsers is that race does matter. Now the people of Cincinnati are trying to get to a point where we can say it doesn’t. True justice can only be found when, race isn’t a factor that will play against someone being treated fairly. For race not to be a factor people must distinguish the difference between a person and the stereotypes they know about the persons race, and only know the facts about the struggle the particular person has had. As the book To Kill A Mockingbird said it is a sin to kill a mockingbird. The mockingbird being a innocent person that has done no wrong, just because a mockingbird is a bird doesn’t make it evil or worthy of death. Justice should be colorblind, its stated in the  Constitution but it isn’t always, in fact a lot of the time color is a major contributing factor, maybe as the world grows into one community everyone will drop the color barriers and race will become obsolete.

Era of Inequality essays

Era of Inequality essays The women in Jack Kerouac's On the Road were, it seems, not afforded the same depth in character which the author gave the men. The treatment of the women characters in both word and action by Sal and Dean seems to show that women could only be an Eve figure or a Lilith referring to Biblical analogies. Throughout the novel there are many instances in which women and their feelings or actions are either referred to flippantly or blatantly degraded. It can be said, however, that Sal (Kerouac) did not necessarily agree with this narrow female identity, and there is evidence to support this claim. The novel also shows, though, that Sal did participate in this male forced female stereotyping whether he wanted to or not. This is not to say that Sal (Kerouac) is necessarily malicious in his treatment of women but more possibly he is merely acting in accordance with the way he was raised and the way in which society treated women at the time. In effect while Sal and the novel may try to make points against the poor treatment of women, the novel tends to reinforce the sexist male domination at the time. The novel, on a certain level endorses the narrow female identity and the femme fatale dichotomy contained therein, while at the same time attempting unsuccessfully to rise above the limited female identity. Women play a key role in this novel in many ways. In the case of Dean, for example, there always seems to be a woman around to make his experiences more real to him somehow. So, in consequence, there are many instances of the diminishment of the female identity. These can be seen in the novels treatment of the female characters like Marylou, Sal's Aunt, and Terry. Marylou is repeatedly talked about, not talked to. In the part in which Dean wishes Sal to sleep with Marylou the only dialogue that goes on is either Sal's or Dean's. Marylou has no lines. All she really has is a little "go ahead". That is all and that really does not even impl...

Setting Writing Targets

Setting Writing Targets Setting Writing Targets Setting Writing Targets By Ali Hale When you’re working on a big, long-term writing goal – perhaps becoming a published novelist, or making a living from your writing – it’s easy to get discouraged or distracted along the way. Sometimes the gulf between where you are with your writing and where you want to be can seem like an impassable chasm. This is where it helps to set smaller, specific writing targets: ones that you know you can meet, and which will take you step-by-step towards your eventual goals. 1. Work out your priority for the year In 2007, I was focusing on short stories: my target was to write at least two every month and submit them to competitions or publications. I ended the year with over twenty five finished short stories. It’s usually not a good idea to split your focus between several projects. If you write around a job or family life, pick your one priority for the year: whether it’s finally getting around to writing that novel you’ve been planning, building up a collection of poetry, posting regularly on your blog, or polishing up your business writing skills. 2. Set realistic targets for yourself In my case, I could manage two complete short stories per month whilst working full time – it was a bit of a stretch some months, but achievable. If I’d tried to write a short story every week, I’d have given up before January was over. Try not to give yourself a target that relies on outside forces: aiming to have something published every month is laudable, but it’s influenced as much by the whims of editors as by your own writing abilities. Some good targets could be: Writing 500 words of your novel every day. Writing a poem every Saturday. Posting a new entry on your blog three times a week. Reading two chapters of a book on writing every week, and trying out some exercises. 3. Keep track of how you’re doing When you have daily or weekly targets, keeping a visual record of progress can be very motivating! How about putting a tick or gold star on the calendar for every day that you meet your goal, or keeping a wall chart of word-count progress by your desk? If you prefer a more high-tech approach, Joe’s Goals is an easy way to keep track of how you’re getting on. You might also find scheduling writing sessions in task management software such as Remember the Milk helps – sometimes, our brains work well with a deadline. 4. Assess whether meeting your targets is getting you closer to your goals It’s great to be ticking off those four completed poems every month, or those three blog posts each week – but after a few months, take a good look at whether meeting your targets is actually taking you closer to your goals. If you’re trying to win writing competitions, are you getting short-listed yet? If you want more readers for your blog, have visitor numbers risen? If your aim is to improve your writing skills, are readers commenting more favourably on your work? Sometimes, you might need to revise your targets in order to make faster progress towards your goals: your target of four poems each month might be too ambitious if you’re rushing them and producing sub-standard work, and you might reach your goal of a competition win sooner if you instead just wrote one great poem each month. Do you have big, long-term goals or dreams for your writing? What smaller targets are you setting yourself on a daily, weekly or monthly basis to help you reach these? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†Homonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsGrammar Review #1: Particles and Phrasal Verbs

Write an abstract for 5 given articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Write an abstract for 5 given articles - Essay Example In an empirical study, the research sampled a population of 29 women whose aspects of concealment, perception and prospect were investigated. The main findings of this research was that people prefer light in their immediate environment than having the path ahead of them put in front of them. The conclusion of the research is that energy wastage is avoidable by illuminating only those parts that are sufficient to ensure the safety of a traffic user. There has been a prevalent idea that physical activity in human beings plays a great role in prevention of chronic illnesses. The main of this research was to investigate the perceived social and environmental; supports for physical activity and walking. For the purpose of this research, the research team evaluated the perception of a sample of population from the eastern county. The sample population was categorized according to the extensiveness of their physical activity and their walking patterns. The research categorized the population in terms of their age, gender, education and race. The research design took a statistical approach as multivariable modeling was the main data processing approach. The main findings of this research is that increased awareness is one the best ways to increase physical activity and that adequate lighting in the playgrounds and sports fields would foster human activity. In tandem with the hypothesis developed by the research team, there is a positi ve relationship between perceptions of social and physical activity and the walking behavior. This research provides a platform for promoting human physical behavior within the population. It is generally acceptable that lighting improves human safety, apart from the principle function of improving visibility. The main aim of this quantitative research is to investigate the how residents experienced

Environmental Policy and Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Policy and Law - Essay Example (House of Lords, 2000) The scenario in the house where the Oakleys were tenants was such: the bathroom next to kitchen was devoid of a washbasin, therefore forcing the inmates to wash their hands in the kitchen sink. Contamination of food and foul smell were one of the few complaints that arose from this state of affairs. Taking place over a period of five days, the case closed on the decision that the appeal would be allowed. According to the case, there was a grave health hazard in the state of the premises. It was left upto the Justices to determine whether the risk was sufficient to constitute a statutory nuisance. The case went onto explore the legislative history of statutory nuisance, from the time of its mid-Victorian roots, and concluded that "prejudicial to health" should be interpreted in line with its "sanitary" origins; and that section 79(1)(a) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 is directed to the presence of some feature of premises which is in itself prejudicial to health, by way of being the source of possible infection, illness or disease. (Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, 2000) This brings us to the issue of the origin of nuisance at Common Law. A conclusion to the contrary, i.e.

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 4

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example According to Salvati (1999, p6), till a customer remains satisfied with the service, there are no major chances that he/she may drop or switch to another service provider. It is a fact that in a highly competitive atmosphere just as in the profit making sectors, customer loyalty is to be given a deep thought. Moreover, actions are to be taken to have a continuous improvement in the level of customer loyalty (Hsieh, 2002). This paper will deal with an important concept of brands and the Australian charities. The paper will be divided into two main parts; namely, Part A and Part B. Part A will deal with the simple literature of branding and a brand personality. The section will also deal with an overview of the Australian Charity. The overview of the Australian Charity Industry will allow a better understanding of the various players in the markets and the non – profit making sector as a whole. Part B of the assignment will deal with three advertisements/ marketing techniques that have been used by the Australian Charities to help build and develop a strong brand image and brand identity (Jobber, 2004). Each of the three examples that have been taken for this study will be studied on three main basis, a) the personality of each brand and what the brands can be characterized into, b) reasons why brands use a certain characteristic and who they aim as their target markets, and c) the possible chan ges and recommendations for change for the brands and their personality (Franzen & Bouwman, 2001). The Australian charity industry is a wide spread market with over almost 700,000 organisations with a wide range of activities that they deal with. These organisations range from different activities like environment conservation, youth assistance, help for the blind, or disabled, and several other activities. Most of the organisations that have been recognised by the government and the only ones that are

Marshall’s Theory of Citizenship

ï » ¿Marshall’s Theory of Citizenship Marshall’s theory of citizenship and its relevance in Britain in 2017 Introduction Marshall’s citizenship theory is concerned with social rights, education, and voting. Marshall’s theory on citizenship is compatible with Britain in 2017 due to the fact that schools are influenced by ideological, economic, and cultural forces, and citizenship considers the way in which education functions in class formation, struggle, capital accumulation, and the legitimation of the privileges of dominant groups (Apple, 2017:4). In fact, there is no doubt that schools are institutions of economic and cultural reproduction (Apple, 2017). Similarly, Marshall (2009:149) opines that the institutions most closely connected to citizenship and civilisation are the educational system and the social services. Citizenship has also raised questions on the sense of social solidarity and integration in any given community (Turner, 1990). Thus, citizenship, and every idealised version of it, holds relevance today. Marshall’s theory in particular, has relevance in 2017 due to the fact that there are several distinct forms of citizenship, and each can be understood by taking Marshall’s vision of citizenship as a whole, rather than a sum of parts. Turner (1997) notes that society is faced with two contradictory principles: scarcity and social solidarity. Scarcity results in exclusionary events such as gender divisions, social classes, and status groups, whilst social solidarity requires cohesive community structures, regardless of one’s social standing (Turner, 1997). Gender divisions are the one area that Marshall’s theory on citizenship fails to consider. In addition to the above characteristics of Marshall’s theory, Marshall’s theory on citizenship considered legal rights as the first form of citizenship (Turner, 1997). In the 19th century, political rights and their institutionalisation in parliament was Marshall’s second notion of citizenship (Turner, 1997). Next, Marshall believed that citizenship was related to social rights, and that those social rights were institutionalised in the welfare state (Turner, 1997). When considering these three forms of rights, Marshall argued that citizenship mitigates the inequalities created by capitalism (Turner, 1997:11). Marshall referred to modern industrialist capitalist societies as ‘hyphenated societies,’ due to the fact that such societies have some degree of democratic redistribution of wealth through the institution of citizenship. Marshall’s theory on citizenship relies on post-war societies and their relationships between social class, welfare, and citizenship (Turner, 1997). At the heart of Marshall’s theory on citizenship is identity. For instance, contemporary Britain has faced anxiety in granting unconditional comprehensive citizenship to Hong Kong nationals (Turner, 1997). Turner (1997:7) describes this concept as ‘social closure’ in which citizenship is determined on an inclusion/exclusion basis, in an attempt to exclude ‘outsiders’ and drive out diversity. The idea of social closure is still a pervasive concept in 2017, as evidenced by â€Å"Brexit.† Openness to diversity and difference is an essential component of a liberal democracy (Turner, 1997), yet the sentiment of some UK citizens is in conflict with the idea of diversity. Brexit and immigration are discussed later in the essay. Critique of Marshall’s Theory Marshall’s theory of citizenship has been criticised for being Anglocentric and evolutionist (Mann, 1987). Mann (1987) suggests that emphasis should be placed on understanding ruling class interactions and anciens rà ©gimes rather than rising bourgeois and proletarian classes, which has been the status quo in previous political studies (Mann, 1987). Other critics discount Marshall’s concept of citizenship due to the fact that his theories were developed in the mid 70’s (Bulmer & Rees, 1996) and the post-World War II political dynamic is much different than it is today. While this may be the case, it does not negate the fact that Marshall’s lived experiences as a prisoner in Germany and as a social worker, provides a knowledge and culture that can only be subsumed from such experiences. Such experiences can be triangulated to the adversity that many UK citizens feel today; it is not an overseas war that many in the UK are fighting- it is an internal war at which the will of the underclass of Britain and Britain’s diminishing middle-class is threatened. It is arguable that Marshall’s theory on citizenship will always have relevance, whether it is in the year 2017, 2060, or later. For instance, in 1978, some scholars pointed out that the concept of citizenship had gone â€Å"out of fashion† amongst political thinkers (Kymlicka & Norman, 1994). Yet, 15 years later, citizenship has become a â€Å"buzz word† in political discourse (Kymlicka & Norman, 1994). Considered even minimally, it is arguable that Marshall’s theory is relevant in a cyclical nature. During certain points in time, it could be more relevant than in other time periods, although the concept itself is always relevant. Marshall has considered the entitlements of economic structure and capitalist society (Turner & Hamilton, 1990: 199), and these concepts will always be a constant. Social Class & Welfare Reform Social class, like citizenship, is a system of inequality (Marshall, 2009). Thus, Marshall’s theory on citizenship takes account of the impact of citizenship on social class (Marshall, 2009). In fact, Marshall (1950) notes that citizenship and social class are in conflict. The paragraphs below discuss social class and welfare reform. Social welfare reform has been a central part of Britain’s political agenda since Margaret Thatcher’s policies of the conservative government (McLaughlin, 2000). Thatcher’s social welfare reforms included less governmental intervention and less social assistance so as to allow citizens to be more active in their social and economic standing. Thatcher’s policies also known as ‘Thatcherism’ encouraged greater citizen freedom and free market (McLaughlin, 2000). The idea of a free market is in line with Marshall’s view on citizenship. Following Thatcher’s policies, the Labour government reinvented social welfare after their 1997 win (McLaughlin, 2000). Given the stark contrast between the Conservative government’s policies and the Labour Party’s policies, it is arguable that Marshall’s understanding of citizenship is very much relevant to today’s Britain. Marshall’s hypothesis rested on an economic calculation that the cost of providing education for all would increase a country’s productivity (Marshall, 1950: 6). Although Marshall’s hypothesis was calculated at a time in which physical labour was heavily utilised, affordable access to education is a concept that many in Britain worry about (Yuan & Powell, 2013). While Liberals and the Labour Party push for more social services such as education bursaries and grants for lower income families, Conservatives hold the view that education should not be a part of the social welfare system (Counts, 1978). Thus, this is the very notion of citizenship in which minimal access to education further widens inequality and inequality is inversely correlated with citizenship. Inequality is inversely correlated with citizenship due to the fact that the higher the inequality that exists, the lower the [participation] of citizenship, due to the fact that individuals faced with economic hardship are less likely to vote (Rosenstone, 1982). Arguably, the higher the citizenship, the lower the inequality of citizenship. Prior to the Labour’s win in 1997, the Labour Party stated that welfare reform would be one its major campaign promises that it kept (Powell, 2000). The Labour’s rhetoric was said to be a new and distinctive method that differed from both the old left and the new right (Powell, 2000). At the heart of the party’s campaign, however, was the need for social change and reform. Marshall’s concept of citizenship is relevant to that period and today’s period due to the fact that social reform is still a heavily debated concept in 2017. Another element that points to the relevance of Marshall’s theory on citizenship is welfare fraud. Welfare fraud is a hot-button topic for many political campaigns, despite its occurrence on a small scale. The British public believes that 27% of the UK’s welfare budget is lost to fraud (Trade Unions Congress, 2013) while the government’s records of funding lost to welfare fraud is 0.7% (TUC, 2013). And according to a poll conducted by the Trades Union Congress (TUC), Ministers should not assume that voters will continue to support Ministers’ plans to cap welfare benefit rises. The TUC’s research further notes that voters who are least able to provide accurate results on benefits are most likely to back the government’s plan to cut benefits (TUC, 2013). The poll results paint a bleak picture on citizen perception on unemployment. For instance, the TUC poll shows that once citizens learn that the benefits cap will hit workers in low paid jobs the most, support moves away from the government (TUC, 2013). The poll also demonstrated that 61% of individuals polled believed that 41% of the entire welfare budget goes to unemployed people, while the true figure is 3% (TUC, 2013). Overall, the results of the poll demonstrate that misconceptions on poverty and unemployment are what fuel misleading news stories and sensationalised campaign points. This is relevant to Marshall’s notion of citizenship because people need to understand the real causes and issues plaguing social welfare and unemployment: welfare fraud is not one of them. By remaining uninformed, an electorate may very well vote against their better interests, and in turn, this foster inequality. Marshall (1950) suggested that it was the state’s social responsibility to help the working class and poor to utilise their political and civil rights, and this can only be accomplished with an informed voter base. This is especially true due to the fact that cuts in social security programs have disproportionately affected women (Shelley & Gavigan, 2004). Cuts to these programs have affected single mothers in particular (Shelley & Gavigan, 2004). Shelley and Gavigan (2004) make a critical point when they note that public discourse and social images on welfare fraud erroneously link poverty and welfare to crime. Brexit & Immigration Prior to Brexit, many political analysts suggested that the determining factor on attitudes for leaving or staying in Britain was immigration, while others suggested that the determining factor was the advantage versus the disadvantage of EU membership (McKee & Galsworthy, 2016). Although ‘Brexit’ took place in 2016, the effects of the vote are apparent in 2017. Tied to Brexit is immigration. As immigration is a global concern, minority groups and liberal assimilationist concepts of citizenship have dominated political discourse. The same can be said for Britain’s immigration â€Å"problem.† The public vote to leave the EU brought about issues of citizenship and ‘otherness’ (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). In fact, a poll conducted by the British Election Study (BES) demonstrated that anti-immigration rhetoric shaped public support for Brexit (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). For instance, increases in the rate of immigration in the UK were key predictors of the vote for Brexit (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). It is not surprising that Britain has taken issue with immigration for several years. Journalists and reporters have seen increased attacks on EU migrants and minorities in record number, and it appears that this problem has only increased subsequent to Brexit (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). Further to the violence and anti-immigrant sentiment, the anger and xenophobia against immigrants are expected to become more intense (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). In considering the other side of the argument, Marshall’s theory may not be as relevant to the year 2017 due to the fact that Marshall’s theory focused on the exercise of political power and voter turnout for Brexit was low (Goodwin & Heath, 2016). Marshall noted that citizens exercise participation of political power by voting, and if citizens do not exercise this right, they cannot be said to be involved in the political process. Arguably, a lack of participation points to apathy or ‘hopelessness.’ Marshall argued that citizenship â€Å"is a status bestowed on all those who are full members of a community.† (Marshall, 1950:28). Such members carry out their responsibilities by voting and completing civic obligations. On the other hand, Banks’ (2008) theory on citizenship which is still evident in today’s society is similar to Marshall’s notion of citizenship as Banks rejects assimilation, arguing that citizenship should reflect diverse cultures and languages. Further, diverse groups rights can aid individuals in attaining structural equality. Education Reform Education reform has been a hot button issue for the past 20 years (Torres, 1998). Education reform and citizenship are interrelated concepts due to the fact that citizens exercise their rights to vote on education. Education is not only a human right, but it is a concept that is at the forefront of the electorate. While some authors note that the discussion of schools in the UK remain marginal to the policy process or they are heard minimally through teaching unions (Bowe, Ball, & Gold, 2017), the consensus is that educational reform is an important campaigning point, and this is acknowledged by political pundits. Another reason why education reform and citizenship are linked is because the social division of labour and educational systems are connected. This is in line with Marshall’s theory on citizenship due to the fact that discussions on educational reform have centred around schools and their ability to reduce the division of labour and lessen existing inequality (Apple, 2017). The UK’s Housing Crisis The current housing crisis in the UK is another issue that is related to citizenship, due to the fact that it is a social phenomenon that the electorate holds a stake in. The housing crisis also exacerbates inequality, and inequality is a fundamental precept of citizenship, as noted by Marshall. The housing crisis in the UK is a problem that began after World War II (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). Post-war planning legislation was instated in order to ensure that there was adequate supply of housing land, but much of the legislation failed to account to for Britain’s growing population (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). Since the passing of such legislation, there has been a widening gap between housing demand and supply in the UK, leading to the housing crisis (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). The question of whether Marshall’s theory on citizenship pertains to today’s housing crisis in the UK, rests on government intervention. While Marshall was largely against state intervention in some respects, Marshall supported the state using its power for education and basic assistance (Marshall, 1950). Proponents of improved and affordable housing conditions suggest that the government should vigorously be involved in the planning process and provide adequate housing provisions for low-income households (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). While Conservatives believe that the private market should be able to balance development and the interests of the UK citizens, Liberals believe that state intervention will provide equitable and socially beneficial forms of housing for those that are most in need (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). Gurran and Whitehead (2011) argue that state intervention is the only solution that will ease the housing crisis due to the fact that less land will be available for activities that generate negative externalities, resulting in higher housing prices, whilst more land will be available for uses that include greater social benefit. Stone (2006) also notes that affordable housing is a social issue that must take account of current incomes in the UK. Affordable housing can mean subsidised housing and liveable housing conditions (Stone, 2006). Thus, Marshall’s theory would include support for affordable housing, given the inequalities that exist in the housing shortage. Feminism As feminism has gained steam in the last 20 years, so has the quest for equality (Brooks, 1997). Postmodern feminism and citizenship moves beyond the mainly white, male, middle-class perspective that much of history has been based on. Further, the absence of gender causes problems for understanding citizenship (Walby, 1994). Walby (1994) argues that discussions on citizenship must consider the ways in which gender can be integrated into citizenship (Walby, 1994). Thus, citizenship must consider a dynamic theory of gender relations and political citizenship that destabilises patriarchy and restores equal citizenship (Walby, 1994). Some scholars note that Marshall’s theory of citizenship is not applicable today based on Marshall’s linear view on citizenship. These scholars argue that Marshall’s perspective on citizenship is that of a white, heterosexual male, and that it does not take account of minorities, women, lesbians, or homosexuals (Turner, 2009). Lister (2003) notes that active citizenship can be accomplished by questioning deeply entrenched dichotomies and understanding the more coercive forms of active citizenship which are dominated by political agendas. The other way that active citizenship can be accomplished is by refusing to accept unfounded definitions and constructions of â€Å"insiders† and â€Å"outsiders† in relation to individual rights on citizenship, and this requires a deep regard for gender equality. Postmodernist feminist also allows issues of child care, education, and work-life balance to be considered as a matter of both genders, despite those issues being considered as ‘female’ issues. Lister (2003) has allowed poor gendered versions of citizenship to be questioned, which is what Marshall’s theory on citizenship fails to do. Conclusion While Marshall’s theory on citizenship focused mainly on the free market, Marshall also considered with the inequalities that came with citizenship. On this end, Marshall’s theory is still applicable to Britain in the year 2017, due to the fact that inequalities linked to citizenship still exist in Britain. The housing crisis has also demonstrated the applicability of Marshall’s theory. Brexit has demonstrated that there is anti-immigrant sentiment, despite the fact that the selling point for joining the EU was the free movement of people and goods. The one area that Marshall’s theory on citizenship may not apply to, is feminism. In regards to gender and inequality, the negative historical treatment of poor women on welfare have clouted public discourse (Shelley & Gavigan, 2004) on the real social welfare issues. The criminalisation of poverty in Britain raises theoretical questions on the regulation and control of Britain’s welfare state. Thus, Marshall’s theory on citizenship fails on this particular point due to the fact that Marshall’s perspective considers that of the white male, while largely ignoring women and their struggle and position as second-class citizens. As citizenship has re-emerged as an issue which is central to political concerns regarding healthcare, education, and social security (Turner, 1990), it must also consider the fight for equality and feminism- otherwise, citizenship is not truly considered in its totality. Bibliography Apple, M.W. 2017. Cultural and Economic Reproduction in Education: Essays on Class, Ideology, and the State (London: Routledge). Banks, J.A.2008. Diversity, Group Identity, and Citizenship Education in a Global Age. Educational Researcher, 37(3), 129-139. Bowe, R., Ball, S.J., Gold, A. 2017. Reforming Education and Changing Schools: Case Studies in Policy Sociology (UK: Routledge). Brooks, A. 1997. Postfeminisms: Feminism, Cultural Theory and Cultural Forms (NY: Routledge). Bulmer, M., & Rees, A.M.1996. Citizenship Today: The Contemporary Relevance of T.H. Marshall. (London: Routledge). Chunn, E.D., & Gavigan, S.A.M. 2004. Welfare Law, Welfare Fraud, and the Moral Regulation of the ‘Never Deserving’ Poor. Social & Legal Studies, 13(2), 219-243. Counts, G.S. 1978. Dare the School Build a New Social Order? (London: Southern Illinois University Press). Faulks, K. 1998. Citizenship in Modern Britain (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press). Trades Union Congress. 2013. Support for benefit cuts dependent on ignorance, TUC-commissioned poll finds. [Accessed: 5 May 2017]. Available from: https://www.tuc.org.uk/social-issues/child-poverty/welfare-and-benefits/tax-credits/support-benefit-cuts-dependent Goodwin, M., & Heath, O. 2016. The 2016 Referendum, Brexit and the Left Behind: An Aggregate-level Analysis of the Result. The Political Quarterly, 87(3). Goodwin, M., & Milazzo, C. 2017. Taking Back Control?: Investigating the role of Immigration in the 2016 vote for Brexit. British Journal of Politics and International Relations. Gurran, N., & Whitehead, C. 2011. Planning and Affordable Housing in Australia and the UK: A Comparative Perspective. Housing Studies, 26(7-8). Jones, H., Gunaratnam, Y., Bhattacharyya, G., Davies, W., Dhaliwal, S., Forkert, K., Jackson, E., & Saltus, R. 2017. Immigration Controversies and Performative Politics. (UK: Oxford University Press). Kymlicka, W., & Norman, W. 1994. Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory. An International Journal of Social, Political, and Legal Philosophy, 104(2). Lister, R. 2003. Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives. 2nd Edition, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). Mann, M. 1987. Ruling Class Strategies and Citizenship. Sociology, 21(3). Marshall, T.H. 2005. Developing the Global Gaze in Citizenship Education: Exploring the Perspectives of Global Education NGO Workers in England. International Journal of Citizenship and Teacher Education, 1(2), 76-91. Marshall, T.H. 2009. Inequality and Society, edited by Jeff Manza and Michael Sauder (NY: W.W. Norton and Co.) McKee, M., & Galsworthy, M.J. 2016. Brexit: A Confused Concept that threatens Public Health. Journal of Public Health, 38(1), 3-5. McLaughlin, E. 2000. New Managerialism, New Welfare? Eds. John Clarke, Sharon Gewirtz. (London: Sage). Powell, M. 2000. New Labour and the third way in the British welfare state: a new distinctive approach? Critical Social Policy, 20(1) Rosenstone, S.J. 1982. Economic Adversity and Voter Turnout. American Journal of Political Science, 26(1), 25-46. Stone, M.E. 2006. What is Housing Affordability? The Case for the Residual Income Approach. Housing Policy Debate, 17(1), 151-184. Torres, C.A. 1998. Democracy, Education, and Multiculturalism: Dilemmas of Citizenship in a Global World. Comparative Education Review, 42(4), 421-447. Turner, B.S. 1990. Outline of a Theory of Citizenship. Sociology, 24(2). Turner, B.S., & Hamilton, P. 1990. Citizenship: Critical Concepts, Volume 1. (London Routledge). Turner, B.S. 1997. Citizenship Studies: A General Theory. Citizenship Studies, 1(1). 5-18. Turner, B.S. 2009. T.H. Marshall, social rights and English national identity. Citizenship Studies, 13(1), 65-73. Walby, S. 1994. Is Citizenship Gendered? Sociology, 28(2), 379-395. Yuan, L., & Powell, S. 2013. MOOCs and Open Education: Implications for Higher Education, A White Paper. (UK: Centre for Educational Technology & Interoperability Standards).